MassRobotics imatulutsa mulingo woyamba padziko lonse lapansi wotseguka wodziyimira pawokha wolumikizana ndi maloboti
Mapampu oyaka moto ndi ofunika kwambiri komanso ofunikira kwambiri pamakina ambiri oteteza moto opangidwa ndi madzi, monga sprinkler, risers, madzi a thovu, opopera madzi ndi nkhungu yamadzi, ndipo ndi oyenera ntchito zosiyanasiyana zamalonda ndi mafakitale. Ngati zitsimikiziridwa kuti ndizofunikira kupyolera mu kufufuza kwa hydraulic kapena zolinga zina, kuyika pampu yamoto kumapereka madzi othamanga ndi kupanikizika kofunikira ndi dongosolo lozimitsa moto. Popanda pampu yamoto yokonzedwa bwino komanso yoyikidwa, chitetezo cha moto sichingayembekezere kukwaniritsa zolinga zake.
Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za kusintha kwakukulu mu kope la 2013 la NFPA 20 Standard for Installation of Stationary Pumps for Fire Protection, yomwe inatulutsidwa m'chilimwe cha 2012. Zofunikira pa kukhazikitsa pampu ndi moto ndi udindo wa NFPA pokhazikitsa izi. zofunika.
Ponseponse, NFPA 20 idalandira malingaliro osintha 264, ndemanga 135 zotsatiridwa, ndi 2 zomwe zidachita bwino pamalopo pamsonkhano wa NFPA 2012 Las Vegas Technical Report.
Mapampu oyaka moto, kaya ndi mapampu a centrifugal kapena mapampu amoto osamutsidwa bwino, amalembedwa mwatchutchutchu, ndipo miyezo yasinthidwa kuti iwonetsetse kuti mapampu amoto okha angagwiritsidwe ntchito polimbana ndi moto. Magazini yapitayi inali ndi cholinga cha "mapampu ena", omwe mapangidwe ake anali osiyana ndi omwe amatchulidwa muyeso, ndipo analola kuti mapampu ena otere akhazikitsidwe m'malo omwe alembedwa mu labotale yoyesera. Komabe, popeza mapampu onse amagetsi amaikidwa ngati zipangizo zamagetsi, anthu ena amatanthauzira makonzedwe amenewa kuti amalola kuti pampu iliyonse yamagetsi igwiritsidwe ntchito ngati pampu yamoto. Izi sizinali cholinga, ndipo chinenerocho chinasinthidwa kuti chimveke bwino mfundoyi.
Pofuna kuthandizira kuunikanso ndi kuvomerezedwa ndi akuluakulu oyenerera (AHJ) ndi ena omwe akukhudzidwa ndi kukhazikitsa mapampu a moto, malamulo atsopano okhudza mapangidwe ndi zojambula zawonjezedwa. Muyezowu tsopano udzafuna kuti mapulani ogwirizana ajambulidwe pazithunzi zofananira molingana ndi sikelo yomwe yatchulidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, dongosololi tsopano lili ndi tsatanetsatane wazinthu zosiyanasiyana zakuyika konsekonse, monga tsatanetsatane wokhudzana ndi kupanga pampu, chitsanzo ndi kukula kwake, madzi, mapaipi oyamwa, ma drive amapope, owongolera, ndi mapampu owongolera kuthamanga.
Ngati kuyesa kwa madzi kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti adziwe ngati madzi a pampu yamoto ndi okwanira, NFPA 20 tsopano ikufuna kuti mayeserowo asamalizidwe pasanathe miyezi 12 ndondomeko ya ntchito isanatumizidwe, pokhapokha ataloledwa ndi AHJ. Anthu ena amadandaula kuti, nthawi zina, deta yakale yoyesera yomwe sikuwonetsa bwino momwe madzi amakhalira panopa amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati maziko opangira kusankha mapampu amoto. Pachifukwa ichi, pamene madzi amadzimadzi ali otsika kwambiri kusiyana ndi kuchuluka komwe kumasonyezedwa ndi deta yakale yoyesera, kuyesa kuvomereza kungasonyeze kuti kuthamanga kwapope kumakhala kochepa kuposa mtengo wowerengeka ndipo sikukwanira kukwaniritsa zosowa za dongosolo lonse. . Kuwunika ndi kuyesa kwa madzi ndizovuta, zimafuna kumvetsetsa kamangidwe ndi kayendetsedwe ka madzi, ndipo zingatheke kokha ndi ogwira ntchito oyenerera.
Zipinda zopopera ndi zipinda zodziyimira pawokha zomwe zili ndi zida zopopera moto zimafunikira chitetezo chapadera, monga zalembedwa mu NFPA 20 mu mawonekedwe a tebulo. Chimodzi mwazolemba patebulo loyenera chimanena za zipinda zopopera ndi zipinda zopopera zomwe sizimapopera madzi. Owerenga ena a NFPA 20 adatanthauzira molakwika mutuwo, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti NFPA 20 imalola kuchotsedwa kwa zowaza m'malo oterowo m'nyumba zomwe zimafunikira kapena akuganizira kugwiritsa ntchito makina okonkha. Chilankhulo chowonjezera chowonjezera kuti chimveke bwino kuti cholinga cha mutu wa "Unssprinkled" patebulo ndikudziwitsa mtundu wa chitetezo cha moto wa mpope wamoto m'nyumba yosazalidwa-ndiko kuti, chipinda chopopera chiyenera kulekanitsidwa ndi nyumba zina ndipo nyumbayo ndi yomangidwa mu maola awiri, kapena chipinda chopopera chimafunika mtunda. Cholinga cha mutuwu sikupereka chosiyana ndi kusiya zowaza m'chipinda chopopera moto chanyumba chomwe chawazidwa kwathunthu.
NFPA 20 imapereka chitetezo kwa zida zopopera moto komanso omwe akufunika kupeza zida zopopera moto pakayaka moto. Ngakhale NFPA 20 imafuna kuti dipatimenti yozimitsa moto ikonzekeretu zolowera kuchipinda chopopera moto pasadakhale, tsopano ikufunikanso kuti malo a mpope wamoto akonzekeretu pasadakhale. Kuonjezera apo, NFPA 20 imafuna kuti zipinda zopopera zomwe sizingafike mwachindunji kuchokera kunja kwa nyumbayo zipereke njira yotsekedwa kuchokera ku masitepe otsekedwa kapena zitseko zotuluka kunja kupita ku chipinda chopopera. Mtundu wam'mbuyomu wa NFPA 20 udafuna kuti ndimeyi ikhale ndi kukana moto kwa maola osachepera awiri.
Kukonzanso kwa 2013 kumafuna kuti ndimeyi ikhale ndi chiwerengero chofanana cha kukana moto monga chipinda chopopera; ndiko kuti, m'nyumba yowazidwa mokwanira kuphatikizapo chipinda cha mpope, ndimeyi imangofunika ola la 1 la kukana moto. Kulimbana ndi moto wa njira yopita ku chipinda chopopera sikuyenera kupitirira zofunikira za chipinda chopopera moto. Ngati chipinda chopopera moto ndi ndimeyi zimamangidwa ngati malo osiyana ogwirizanitsa mwachindunji, ndimeyi idzakhala gawo la chipinda chopopera moto, ndipo iyenera kugawanitsa chipindacho ndi mlingo womwewo wotsutsa moto monga mpope wamoto. Chonde dziwani kuti mawu owonjezera pankhaniyi amagwiranso ntchito ku nyumba zazitali.
Pofuna kuchepetsa chipwirikiti pa flange yoyamwa, NFPA 20 imatchula kukula kwake kwa chitoliro choyamwa kutengera mphamvu ya mpope wamoto. Kukula kwa mapaipi otchulidwawa kumatengera kuthamanga kwambiri kwa mapazi 15 pamphindikati pa 150% ya mphamvu ya mpope. Ogwiritsa ntchito NFPA 20 awona kuti ndimeyi yachotsedwa ku bungwe lokhazikika ndikuwonjezedwa patebulo ngati mawu am'munsi. Ena ogwiritsa ntchito muyezowo amatanthauzira molakwika zambiri za liwiroli ngati njira yotsimikizira pakuyesa kuvomereza pampu. M'malo mwake, cholinga chophatikizira chidziwitsochi ndikupereka chidziwitso chambiri chokhudza momwe machubu amayamwitsa anayambira.
Pokhapokha ngati zinthu zina zakwaniritsidwa, NFPA 20 imafuna kukhazikitsidwa kwa mapaipi oyamwa kuti awonetsetse kuti palibe kukakamiza koyipa pakuyamwa kwa mpope. Pampu yozimitsa moto ya centrifugal siyoyenera kukweza kapena kukoka madzi kupita ku flange yake yoyamwa. Zofunikira kuti mphamvu yoyamwitsa pa suction flange ndi yosachepera 0 psi imagwira ntchito pazikhazikiko zopangidwa ndi pampu imodzi ndikuyika kopangidwa ndi mayunitsi angapo a pampu yamoto omwe amapangidwa kuti azigwira ntchito limodzi. Kusintha kwa chiganizochi kunanenanso kuti pakuyika mapampu angapo, mapampu okhawo omwe adapangidwa kuti azigwira ntchito nthawi imodzi amaganiziridwa poyesa kukakamiza kwamphamvu. Ogwiritsa ntchito ena a NFPA 20 sanamvetsetse lamuloli ndipo akuphatikiza mapampu osafunikira kapena omwe amangothamanga pomwe pampu yayikulu yayimitsidwa. Ichi sicholinga cha ndimeyi.
Kupatulapo komwe kuli kofunikira kukakamiza kwamphamvu pamtundu wa suction kumalola -3 psi suction pressure. Izi zimagwiranso ntchito pamene pampu yamoto ikugwira ntchito pa 150% ya kayendedwe kovomerezeka pamene ikukoka kuchokera ku tanki yosungiramo pansi. Mawu ophatikizidwa ndi izi asinthidwanso kuti ayang'ane mitundu yonse ya mapampu ozimitsa moto apakati, osati mapampu amoto opingasa okhawo. Zosintha zina pamawu ophatikizika zikuwonetsa kuti kumapeto kwa nthawi yomwe madzi amafunikira, ngati kutalika kwa chipinda chokokera pampu kuli kofanana kapena kutsika kuposa kuchuluka kwamadzi mu tanki yosungiramo, malire a -3 psi kuyamwa kuthamanga kumaloledwa. Mtundu wapitawu umanena za kukwera kwa chipinda chopopera pansi ndi pansi pa thanki. Mawu osinthidwa bwino amaonetsetsa kuti palibe kukweza kapena kukangana komwe kudzachitika pakati pa thanki yamadzi ndi kuyamwa kwa pampu yamoto. Monga momwe tafotokozera mu appendix, pamene mpope ikuyenda pa 150% mphamvu ndipo madzi mu thanki ali pa mlingo wotsika kwambiri, -3 psi suction pressure margin imayambitsa kutayika kwa mkangano mu chitoliro choyamwa.
Zida zina zomwe zili mupaipi yoyamwa zimatha kuyambitsa kuyenda kosafunikira komanso chipwirikiti, ndikulepheretsa kugwira ntchito ndi mpope. NFPA 20 pakadali pano ikunena kuti mkati mwa mapazi 50 kuchokera papampu yoyamwa flange, palibe mavavu omwe angayikidwe mupaipi yoyamwa kupatula mavavu akunja atsinde ndi goli (OS&Y). Ndimeyi idasinthidwanso kuti imveketse bwino kuti, kupatula ma valve a OS&Y omwe adalembedwa, palibe ma valve "owongolera" omwe angayikidwe mkati mwa 50 mapazi. Chigamulochi chinasinthidwanso kuti chigwirizane ndi zida zobwezeretsanso. Zosinthazi zimapereka kusasinthika kwabwinoko ndi zina za muyezo ndikumveketsa bwino cholinga cha zofunikira, ndiko kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito mavavu agulugufe kokha, ndikulola kuyika kwa ma valve a OS&Y pachipata, ma valve owunika ndi zida zobwerera mupaipi yoyamwa. Koma chonde dziwani kuti mu zina Kuyika kwa ma valve cheke ndi zida zobwerera m'mbuyo mu payipi yoyamwa zimaloledwa pokhapokha pamikhalidwe yofunikira kapena AHJ. Ngati valavu ya cheke kapena chipangizo chopewera kuthawa chikufunika kumtunda kwa doko loyamwa la mpope wamoto, NFPA imafuna kuti chipangizocho chikhale ndi mainchesi 10 a chitoliro kumtunda kwa pompo.
Zopangira monga zigongono, ma tee ndi zolumikizira zopingasa mupaipi yoyamwa zipangitsa kuti madzi alowe mu mpope kukhala osalinganizika. Kusalinganika kumachitika pamene kuyenerera kumasintha ndege yothamanga yokhudzana ndi ndege yothamanga kudzera pa mpope wamoto. Kuthamanga kosagwirizana kumeneku kudzachepetsa ntchito ndi moyo wautumiki wa mpope. NFPA 20 imaletsa malo ndi makonzedwe a zotengera zotere mu mapaipi oyamwa. Zopangira zitoliro zotere siziyenera kuyikidwa mkati mwa ma diameter 10 a chitoliro cha flange choyamwa. Kupatulapo pano ku lamuloli kumapangitsa kuti ndege yapakati pa chigongono ikhale yolunjika ku shaft yapampu yopingasa pamalo aliwonse a doko loyamwa mpope. Kukonzekera kwa chigongonochi sikumapangitsa kuti madzi aziyenda bwino. Kwa mtundu wotsatira, kuchotsera kumeneku kwawonjezedwa kuphatikiza ma T-shirts.
Pampu yamoto ikayamwa kuchokera pansi pa tanki yosungiramo, NFPA 20 imafuna makonzedwe ena a kutulutsa thanki yosungirako. Madzi akatuluka kuchokera mumtsinje wamadzi, ma vortex nthawi zambiri amapangidwa, kulowetsa mpweya mu chitoliro choyamwa ndikuwonjezera kuchitika kwa chipwirikiti. Chochitika chofananacho chimachitika madzi akathiridwa mu sinki kapena m'bafa. Monga tanenera kale, chipwirikiti ndi kuyenda mosagwirizana ndi doko loyamwa la mpope kuyenera kupewedwa.
Pofuna kupewa izi, NFPA 20 imafuna kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zomwe zimalepheretsa kupanga mafunde a eddy. Chipangizochi nthawi zambiri chimatchulidwa molakwika ngati mbale ya vortex, koma mawu oti NFPA 20 asinthidwa kuti agwirizane bwino ndi NFPA 22 (Standard for Private Fire Water tanks) ndikuwunikira kuti chipangizocho ndi "vortex mbale" A. mbale zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poletsa mapangidwe a vortex. Kuphatikiza apo, zonena za Hydraulic Association's "Centrifugal Pump, Rotary Pump, and Reciprocating Pump Standard" zawonjezedwa pamawu ophatikizika kuti mumve zambiri pamutuwu.
Kuchokera ku kope la 2003, NFPA 20 imalola kugwiritsa ntchito ma throttles otsika pamene AHJ imafuna kupanikizika kwabwino pamzere woyamwa. Cholinga cha valavu yamtunduwu ndikuthandizira kuwonetsetsa kuti kupanikizika kwa chitoliro choyamwa sikutsika mpaka pamlingo wofunikira kwambiri chifukwa cha momwe madzi akupezeka. Mwachitsanzo, pamene malo opangira madzi a tauni akugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati madzi a chitetezo cha moto, chachikulu sichingapereke madzi ochuluka monga mpope wamoto ungathe kupopera, makamaka pamene pampu ikugwira ntchito pafupi ndi zinthu zambiri. Zotsatira zake, kutsika kwamphamvu kwa ma municipalities kungayambitse mikhalidwe yosayenera, monga kuipitsidwa ndi madzi apansi panthaka kapena kubwelera m'mbuyo, kapena pakavuta kwambiri kungayambitse chachikulu kugwa.
Ngati AHJ ikufuna kugwiritsa ntchito valavu yotsika kwambiri, NFPA 20 imafuna kuti valavu yotereyi ikhale mu mzere wothira pakati pa mpope ndi valve yotsegula. Mzere womverera wolumikizidwa ku chitoliro choyamwa umawongolera malo a valavu ya throttle. Pamene mphamvu yokoka imatsikira ku preset throttling pressure (kawirikawiri 20 psi), valavu imayamba kutseka, motero imalepheretsa kutuluka ndi kusunga mphamvu yoyamwa pa mlingo wokonzedweratu.
Madzi akamadutsa mu valve yothamanga, kutayika kwa mkangano kudzachitika, zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa pakupanga dongosolo. Kuwonongeka kwapang'onopang'ono kokhudzana ndi zida izi kumatha kukhala kwakukulu. Mwachitsanzo, tambani 8 mainchesi. Zida zimatha kuyambitsa kutsika kwamphamvu mpaka 7 psi. Ngakhale mtundu wapano uli ndi malangizo amtunduwu, mtundu wa 2013 udzakakamiza mapangidwe achitetezo chamoto kuti aganizire kutayika kwa mkangano kudzera mu valavu yotsika kwambiri yoyamwa pamalo otseguka.
NFPA 20 imafuna kuyang'anira valavu yoyendetsera zoyeserera pamalo otsekedwa. Monga tanenera kale, lamuloli likhoza kutanthauziridwa molakwika kutanthauza kuyang'anitsitsa kwa ma valve pazitsulo zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya payipi yolumikizidwa kumutu woyesera. Ichi sichiri cholinga cha muyezo. Zanenedwa momveka bwino kuti valavu yowongolera mu payipi pakati pa chitoliro chotulutsa ndi mutu woyeserera wa valavu ya payipi iyenera kuyang'aniridwa pamalo otsekedwa; valavu yakunja pamtundu uliwonse wamutu woyesera sichiyenera kuyang'aniridwa.
Malamulo am'mbuyomu omwe amafunikira kusiyana kosachepera 1 inchi kuzungulira mapaipi odutsa makoma kapena pansi asintha kwambiri. Kuchuluka kwa malamulowa kumachepetsedwa kukhala makoma okha, madenga ndi pansi pa chipinda chotsekera pampu yamoto. Imathetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mipata ina, manja a mapaipi ndi zolumikizira zosinthika, ndipo imapereka kugwirizana bwino ndi zofunikira za NFPA 13, mulingo woyika makina okonkha.
Mawu akuti "vavu yopumira" nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku ma valve akuluakulu omwe ali ndi kukula kwake kuti atulutse madzi ochuluka kuchokera ku doko lotulutsa pampu yamoto. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa valve iyi kumangogwiritsidwa ntchito zinazake. Mawu oti "valvu yotsitsimula" amatanthauza kavalo kakang'ono kamene kamagwiritsidwa ntchito potulutsa madzi pang'ono kuti aziziritse pamene palibe madzi otulutsidwa pansi pa mtsinje wamoto. Pampu yamoto ndi radiator yozizira ya injini ya centrifugal imafuna valavu yotetezera yozungulira pakati pa doko lotulutsa pampu yamoto ndi valavu yowunikira. Valavu yowonjezera yozungulira yozungulira ikufunika kumunsi kwa valavu yochepetsera kuthamanga, yomwe imabwerera ku doko loyamwa kudzera papaipi. Pamene chipika choyesera cha mita chibwerera ku doko loyamwa la mpope wamoto kudzera papaipi, valavu yowonjezera yotetezera imafunikanso.
Malamulo omwe ali pa valve yothandizira kupanikizika adakonzedwanso kuti awonetsetse kuti valavu yothandizira kupanikizika imaloledwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamene zinthu zotsatirazi "zosazolowereka" zogwiritsira ntchito pampu zimapangitsa kuti zigawo za dongosololi zikhale ndi mphamvu zopitirira malire awo: (1) Dizilo. pampu ya injini 110 % Idavotera kuthamanga kwachangu, (2) chowongolera chamagetsi chosinthira voteji chimadutsa pamzere (liwiro lovotera).
NFPA 20 imalola kutulutsa kwa valve yotsitsimula kubwezeredwa ku chitoliro choyamwa kudzera mu chitoliro. Lamulo latsopano mu kope la 2013 likukhudza mpope woyendetsedwa ndi injini ya dizilo yomwe imaphatikiza kuzirala kwa kutentha kwa injini. Pakukonzekera uku, chizindikiro cha kutentha kwa madzi ozizira kwa 104 F kuchokera ku injini yolowera pamadzi otumizira kutentha chidzatumizidwa kwa wowongolera pampu yamoto. Pambuyo polandira chizindikiro ichi, ngati palibe chizindikiro chadzidzidzi chopempha ntchito ya mpope wamoto, wolamulira adzayimitsa injiniyo.
Kubwereranso kwa madzi otulutsidwa kuchokera ku mpope kubwerera ku chitoliro chokokera pampu kungayambitse mavuto chifukwa madzi obwerezabwereza sagwiritsidwa ntchito kokha kuziziritsa injini, komanso kuziziritsa kutentha kwa mpweya wa injini. Kuzizira kwa kutentha kwa mpweya wotengera injini ndikofunikira kuti zikwaniritse zofunikira zotulutsa injini za US Environmental Protection Agency. Kutentha kwapakati pa 150 F kwawonedwa. Ngakhale kuti pangakhale madzi okwanira kuti aziziziritsa injini mokwanira pa kutentha kokwezeka kumeneku, kutentha kwa doko lolowera sikungathe kuziziritsidwa mokwanira ndipo kungapangitse injiniyo kugwira ntchito kunja kwa mtundu wogwirizana ndi EPA. Ngakhale kuti valve yothandizira kupanikizika imatsegula pokhapokha pazovuta kwambiri, komanso valavu yowonongeka yozungulira iyeneranso kuikidwa kuti iteteze kutentha kwa madzi, chitetezo chowonjezerachi chinapangidwa kuti chitsimikizidwe kuti chikugwirizana ndi zovuta zambiri zokhudzana ndi mapampu amoto.
Mu kope la 2010, lingaliro la magawo a pampu yamoto ya tandem linayambitsidwa, ndipo dongosolo la mpope lamoto lomwe cholinga chake ndi ntchito yogwirizana linafotokozedwa, ndiko kuti, mpope yoyamba imayamwa madzi kuchokera kumadzi, ndipo pampu iliyonse yotsatizana imayamwa madzi kuchokera gwero la madzi lapitalo. Pompo. Mtundu uwu wa mndandanda wamagulu umakhala wofala kwambiri m'nyumba zapamwamba komanso nyumba zina zazikulu ndi zomangamanga. M'magawo awiri oyambirira okonzanso, kuphatikizapo kope la 2013, Komiti Yamakono ya Pampu ya Moto inayesetsa kwambiri kuwunikanso malamulo okonzekera magawo a pampu yamoto.
Nkhani yapakati ikukhudzana ndi malo a pampu yamoto. M'mizere iwiri yapitayi, adanenedwa kuti mapampu onse omwe amapanga makonzedwe a gulu la mpope wamoto ayenera kuikidwa m'chipinda chomwecho. Kwa kope la 2013, zina zinapangidwa kuti zikhazikitse pampu yamoto kukhala m'zipinda zosiyanasiyana pansi pamikhalidwe ina. Ngakhale kuti chinenerochi chinapereka ndemanga ya Komiti ya Pampu ya Moto, idabwezeredwa ku NFPA Association Technical Meeting mu June chaka chino. Ngakhale kuti zosintha zomwe zasinthidwazo sizigwira ntchito, mutuwu uyenera kubwerezedwanso mukusintha kotsatira. Kukangana pazovuta za kuyang'anira ntchito zamagulu angapo opopera moto pazochitika zadzidzidzi, kuthandizira ntchito zoyezetsa zoyenera, ndikuwonetsetsa kudalirika kwa dongosolo lonselo lidzapitirirabe. Kuphatikiza apo, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti ngakhale NFPA 20 ipitiliza kuloleza magawo osunthika a magawo a pampu yamoto, maulamuliro ena salola dongosololi.
Ngati mutu woyesera pampu yamoto wayikidwa, NFPA 20 imafuna kuti ayike pakhoma lakunja kapena malo ena kunja kwa chipinda chopopera kuti alole madzi amadzimadzi panthawi yoyesera. Mapangidwe akunja amathandizira kukhetsa madzi kupita pamalo otetezeka, ndikuchepetsa kukhudzidwa kwa madzi otuluka mwangozi pamapampu ozimitsa moto, zowongolera, ma mota, injini za dizilo, ndi zina zotero. Mawu atsopano ophatikizira awonjezedwa kuti athetse mikhalidwe yomwe mitu yoyeserera imatha kuganiziridwa pa malo omwe ali mkati mwa nyumbayi. Pankhani yomwe kuwonongeka kwa kuba kapena kuwononga kuyenera kuganiziridwa, valavu yamutu yoyesera ikhoza kukhala m'nyumbayo koma kunja kwa chipinda chopopera moto. Ngati malinga ndi chigamulo cha AHJ, kutuluka kwa mayeso kungathe kuyendetsedwa bwino kunja kwa nyumba popanda kufunikira Kuopsa kosayenera kwa kupopera madzi pazida zopopera moto.
NFPA 20 yalola kuti ma flowmeter agwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zida zoyezera kuthamanga kwa madzi kwakanthawi. Pa nthawi ya kukhazikitsa, NFPA 25, muyezo woyendera, kuyesa ndi kukonza machitidwe otetezera moto opangidwa ndi madzi, amafuna kuti mamita othamanga ayesedwe ndikusinthidwanso zaka zitatu zilizonse. Komabe, NFPA 20 ilibe zinthu zowongolera kuwongolera kwa flowmeter kapena kukonzanso. Mtundu wa 2013 tsopano umafunika kuti ngati chipangizo choyezera mita chiyikidwa mu dongosolo la mphete kuti ayese kuthamanga kwa mpope wamoto, njira ina yoyezera kuthamanga ikufunikanso. Chipangizo chosungirako chiyenera kukhala pansi pa mtsinje wa flowmeter ndikugwirizanitsa mndandanda ndi flowmeter, ndikugwira ntchito mkati mwa mayendedwe othamanga omwe amafunikira kuyesa kwathunthu kwa mpope wamoto. Kuphatikiza apo, mulingowu tsopano unena kuti njira yovomerezeka yoyezera kuthamanga ndi mutu woyezetsa woyenerera. Pokhapokha ngati makonzedwe omwe afotokozedwa m'malamulo atsopanowa aperekedwa, kuyezetsa kwa flowmeter kumafuna kuchotsedwa kwakuthupi kwa zida ndi kuyezetsa mwadongosolo lomwe silingawonetse mpope weniweni ndi kuyika mapaipi. M'kupita kwa nthawi, njira iyi ikhoza kukhala yovuta komanso yodula. Kuphatikiza apo, kusintha kwa makonzedwe a mapaipi ndi kuyesererako sikungafanane ndi kukhazikitsa kwenikweni kwa pampu, ndipo zotsatira za kukonzansoko zitha kufunsidwa.
Mtundu wam'mbuyo wa NFPA 20 unkafuna kuyika valavu yosonyeza gulugufe kapena valavu yachipata ndi valavu yokhetsa kapena kudontha kwa mpira kumutu woyeserera papaipi pomwe mutu woyeserera uli kunja kwa mpope kapena pa mtunda wina kuchokera pa mpope ndi pamenepo. ndi ngozi ya kuzizira. Malamulowa asinthidwa kuti afune ma valve a butterfly kapena ma valve a zipata ndi ma valve otayira kapena madontho a mpira nthawi zonse. Ngati palibe valavu, madzi adzafika pamalo a mutu woyesera pansi pa kupanikizika, zomwe zimadetsa nkhawa. Madzi amatha kukhetsedwa mosavuta kuchokera pazida zozimitsa moto kudzera pamutu woyesera pazolinga zopanda moto. Chinthu chinanso ndi chitetezo cha ogwira ntchito omwe akuyesa pampu. Kulumikizana pakati pa payipi ndi mutu woyesera ndi kotetezeka, ndipo palibe kuthamanga kwa madzi pamutu woyesera. Kuyesako kukatsirizika, valavu yozungulira yozungulira imatulutsa kuthamanga ndi madzi mupaipi.
NFPA 20 pakali pano ikunena kuti ngati cholepheretsa kubwerera kumbuyo cholumikizidwa ndi mpope chikufunika, kuganiziridwa mwapadera kuyenera kuperekedwa pakuwonjezeka kwa kuthamanga kwa kuthamanga komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kuyika kwa chotchinga kumbuyo. Choncho, pamene pampu yamoto ikugwira ntchito pa 150% ya mphamvu yake yovotera, NFPA 20 imafuna kuti mphamvu yoyamwa ya osachepera 0 psi ilembedwe kuti ikhazikitsidwe. Chofunikira ichi chingatanthauzidwe ngati kutanthauza kuti kukakamiza koyamwa kumalembedwa pa chipangizo chobwezera m'malo mwa pampu yoyamwa flange. Mtundu wotsatira udawunikiranso kuwerengera kwapanikizidwe padoko loyamwa la pampu yamoto.
Zofunikira za chitetezo cha zivomezi zakhala zikufotokozedwa kusonyeza kuti zimagwira ntchito pokhapokha pamene malamulo a m'deralo amafuna makamaka chitetezo cha machitidwe otetezera moto ku kuwonongeka kwa chivomezi. Kuphatikiza apo, malamulo am'mbuyomu okhudza kuyika zida zapampu achotsedwa kuti athe kukana kusuntha kofanana ndi theka la kulemera kwa zida. NFPA 20 tsopano ikufuna kuti zopingasa za seismic zikhazikike pa NFPA 13; SEI/ASCE7; kapena AHJ zovomerezeka zakomweko, boma, kapena mayiko ena.
Zosinthazi zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi njira zamakono zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poteteza nyumba ndi makina ogwirizana nawo ku mphamvu zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha zivomezi. Lingaliro la kugwiritsa ntchito theka la kulemera kwa zipangizo si lanzeru muzochitika zonse. Ogwiritsa ntchito NFPA 20 ayenera kudziwa kuti katundu wopingasa adzasiyana malinga ndi malo a polojekiti. Ngakhale kuti NFPA 13 imapereka njira yosavuta yodziwira katundu, ndipo SEI/ASCE7 ili ndi njira yowonjezereka, NFPA 20 sichimalamula kugwiritsa ntchito mfundozi, koma imalola AHJ kupanga chisankho chomaliza.
NFPA 20 imatanthawuza msonkhano wa pampu yamoto monga gulu la pampu yamoto yomwe imasonkhanitsidwa mu malo osungiramo katundu ndikuperekedwa ngati gawo kumalo oyikapo. Zigawo zomwe zimayenera kulembedwa mu phukusi losanjidwa kale limaphatikizapo mapampu, zoyendetsa, zowongolera, ndi zina zowonjezera zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa ndi phukusi. Zowonjezera izi zimasonkhanitsidwa pamunsi ndi kapena popanda nyumba. Zofunikira pazigawo zopakira zakulitsidwa. Zigawo za mpope zidzasonkhanitsidwa ndikukhazikika pazitsulo zachitsulo. Wowotchera yemwe amaphatikiza choyikapo azikwaniritsa zofunikira za Gawo 9 la ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code kapena American Welding Society AWS D1.1. Msonkhano wonsewo uyenera kulembedwa kuti ugwiritsidwe ntchito ndi mpope wamoto, ndipo wopangidwa ndi wopangidwa ndi wopanga dongosolo mogwirizana ndi malangizo a NFPA 20. Pomaliza, ndondomeko zonse ndi mapepala a deta ayenera kuperekedwa kwa AHJ kuti awonedwe, ndi kopi yosindikizidwa ya zomwe zavomerezedwa ziyenera kusungidwa kuti zisungidwe.
Zosinthazi zidapangidwa kuti ziwongolere bwino yemwe ali ndi udindo wowonetsetsa kuti pampu yathunthu ikupangidwa, kuyikidwa, ndikuyendetsedwa momwe amayembekezeredwa. Ngakhale kuti wopanga mpope wamoto nthawi zambiri amakhala bungwe lomwe limafunikira kuthetsa mavuto aliwonse oyikapo, wopanga mpope sikuti ndiye gulu lomwe limasonkhanitsa zigawo za pampu yamoto.
M'madera ena, kulumikizana kwachindunji pakati pa mapampu ozimitsa moto ndi magwero a madzi, monga kuchokera kumtsinje waukulu wamadzi, sikuloledwa. Nthawi zina, ma municipalities kapena magwero ena amadzi sangathe kupereka kuthamanga kwakukulu komwe kumafunika ndi chitetezo cha moto, kapena mikhalidwe yothamanga imasinthasintha kwambiri. Pazochitika zonsezi, kugwiritsa ntchito thanki yosokoneza kusokoneza kapena kuchotsa kulumikiza ku gwero la madzi kumapereka chisankho chokonzekera. Tanki yamadzi yowonongeka ndi thanki yamadzi yomwe imapereka kuyamwa kwa mpope wamoto, koma mphamvu kapena kukula kwa thanki yamadzi ndi yaying'ono kuposa yomwe imafunidwa ndi njira yozimitsa moto yomwe ikuperekedwa; ndiko kuti, thanki lamadzi silingakhale ndi madzi ofunikira kuti agwire ntchito yonse yozimitsa moto.
Tanki yodulidwa imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri (1) ngati njira yoletsa kubwereranso pakati pa gwero la madzi ndi paipi yoyamwa ya mpope wamoto, (2) kuthetsa kusinthasintha kwa mphamvu ya gwero la madzi, (3) perekani mphamvu yokhazikika komanso yosasinthasintha ya pampu yamoto, ndi / Kapena (4) Kupereka madzi osungiramo madzi kuti awonjezere madzi omwe sangapereke kuyenda kwakukulu komwe kumafunika ndi njira yozimitsa moto.
NFPA 20 imafuna kuti kukula kwa thanki yamadzi kusinthidwa kotero kuti madzi osungidwa mu thanki yamadzi yokhala ndi ntchito yobwezeretsanso yokhayo ayenera kupereka nthawi yayitali yofunikira komanso nthawi yayitali. Ndi mpope wamoto ukuyenda pa 150% ya mphamvu yake yovotera, kukula kwa thanki yamadzi kuyeneranso kukhala osachepera mphindi 15. Kuphatikiza apo, NFPA 20 imaphatikizanso malamulo okhudza kudzazidwanso kwa tanki yamafuta ndipo imafuna kuti makina odzazanso alembedwe ndikukonzekera kuti azigwira ntchito yokha. Malamulo enieni odzazitsa, monga okhudzana ndi kudzaza mapaipi, mapaipi odutsa, ma sign amadzimadzi, ndi zina zambiri, amatengera kukula kwa thanki. Ngati kukula kwa thanki ndikokwanira kuti mphamvu yake ndi yocheperapo kuposa momwe imafunikira mphindi 30, ndiye kuti malamulo amatsatira. Ngati thankiyo ndi yayikulu kuti mphamvu yake ikwanitse kukwaniritsa zofunikira zadongosolo kwa mphindi zosachepera 30, malamulo ena adzagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kuwunikiridwa ndi kukonzanso ndime ya akasinja odulidwa kuti imveketse bwino malamulo omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito potengera kukula kwa thanki.
NFPA imapereka chitsogozo chowonjezera chothandizira ntchito zomwe zidakonzedweratu kuti dipatimenti yozimitsa moto ipeze ndikupereka zida zopopera moto m'nyumba zazitali. Monga momwe tafotokozera m'mawu atsopano owonjezera, malo a chipinda chopopera m'nyumba yapamwamba amafunika kuganiziridwa bwino. Moto ukayaka, anthu ogwira ntchito nthawi zambiri amatumizidwa kuchipinda chopopera kuti akayang'anire kapena kuwongolera momwe mpope umagwirira ntchito.
Njira yabwino kwambiri yoperekera chitetezo kwa oyankhawa ndikulowa m'chipinda chopopera kuchokera kunja kwa nyumbayo. Komabe, kakonzedwe kameneka sikamakhala kotheka nthawi zonse kapena kothandiza panyumba zazitali. Nthawi zambiri, zipinda zopopera m'nyumba zazitali zimafunika kukhala pazipinda zingapo pamwamba kapena pansi.
Pamene chipinda chopopera sichinavotere, NFPA 20 imafuna njira yotetezedwa pakati pa masitepe ndi chipinda chopopera moto. Mlingo wotsutsana ndi moto wa ndimeyi uyenera kukhala wofanana ndi mlingo wa kukana moto wofunikira pa masitepe otuluka kupita ku chipinda cha mpope. Malamulo ambiri omanga ndi chitetezo cha moyo samalola kuti chipinda cha mpope chitsogolere mwachindunji ku masitepe otuluka, chifukwa chipinda chopopera si malo omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala. Komabe, kudutsa pakati pa masitepe opita ku chipinda chopopera ndi chipinda chapamwamba kapena chapansi cha mpope chiyenera kukhala chachifupi momwe mungathere ndikupita kumadera ena omangapo pang'ono. Izi zimapereka chitetezo chabwino kwa oyankha omwe amalowa ndikutuluka m'chipinda cha mpope pakayaka moto.
Malo ndi makonzedwe a chipinda cha mpope ayeneranso kuonetsetsa kuti madzi otulutsidwa kuchokera ku zipangizo zopopera (monga packing gland) ndi valavu yotulutsa ndi valavu yothandizira kupanikizika amachiritsidwa bwino.
Monga gawo la Mutu 5, lingaliro la nyumba zapamwamba kwambiri lidayambitsidwa mu kope la 2013. Nyumba yapamwamba imatanthauzidwa ngati nyumba yomwe ili pamtunda wokhazikika womwe uli mamita 75 pamwamba pa malo otsika kwambiri a galimoto yozimitsa moto. Malamulo am'mbuyomu a NFPA 20 adayika kwambiri nyumba zotere ngati gulu lomwelo, mosasamala kanthu kuti nyumbayo ndi 200 mapazi kapena 2000 utali. Komabe, nyumba zina ndi zazitali kwambiri kotero kuti sizingatheke kuti zida zopopera za dipatimenti yamoto yoyankhira zigonjetse kutalika kogwirizana ndi kutayika kwa mikangano kuti zigwirizane ndi kuyenda ndi kupanikizika kwa dongosolo lotetezera moto pamtunda wapamwamba kwambiri. Ngakhale kuti NFPA 20 yapitayi imatchula za zomangamanga kapena madera opitirira mphamvu yopopera zida za dipatimenti yamoto nthawi zina, Baibulo la 2013 lili ndi zofunikira zenizeni za "nyumba zazitali kwambiri". Komabe, owerenga ayenera kudziwa kuti malamulo ena pazochitika zotere alinso m'mutu 9, womwe ukunena za magetsi oyika pampu yamagetsi.
Kwa "nyumba zapamwamba kwambiri", kuyika pampu yamoto kumafunika kupereka chitetezo chowonjezera ndi kubwezeretsanso, monga tafotokozera pansipa. M'malo mogwirizanitsa malamulo atsopano a nyumba zazitali kwambiri ku malo okwera enieni, zofunikira zokhudzana ndi ntchito zokhudzana ndi kuyankha mphamvu ya kupopa kwa dipatimenti yamoto zimaperekedwa. Ozimitsa moto amagula zida zosiyanasiyana zokhala ndi mphamvu zopopera, kotero kuti muyezo womwe umangotengera kutalika kwa nyumbayo ndi wocheperako. Gulu lokonzekera tsopano likufunika kutsimikizira mwachindunji mphamvu zopopera za dipatimenti yamoto poyankha ntchito iliyonse. Malamulo owonjezera okhudza akasinja amadzi osasowa ntchito ndi mapampu ozimitsa moto nawonso awonjezedwa panyumba zazitali kwambiri.
Ngati gwero lalikulu la madzi ndi thanki yamadzi, matanki awiri kapena kuposerapo amafunikira. Ngati chipinda chilichonse chingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati thanki lamadzi lapadera, thanki imodzi yamadzi yomwe ingagawidwe m'zipinda ziwiri imaloledwa. Kuchuluka kwa matanki onse osungiramo kapena zipinda ziyenera kukhala zokwanira kukwaniritsa zofunikira zonse zotetezera moto za dongosolo loyenera. Kukula kwa thanki iliyonse kapena chipinda chosungiramo kuyenera kuwonetsetsa kuti osachepera 50% ya zofunikira zotetezera moto zitha kusungidwa pamene chipinda chilichonse kapena thanki yosungiramo yatha. Chonde dziwani kuti lamuloli silikufuna kuti tanki iliyonse yamafuta kapena chipinda chilichonse chipereke zofunikira padongosolo lonse. Komabe, thanki iliyonse yamafuta ndi/kapena tanki yamafuta iyenera kukhala ndi chida chodzizirira chokha chomwe chingapereke zofunikira zonse pamakina. Ngakhale kuperekedwa kwa akasinja kapena zipinda zosungirako zosafunikira kudayambitsidwa mu kope la 2010, idagwiritsidwa ntchito mwalamulo m'nyumba zazitali kwambiri mu kope la 2013.
Mapampu oyaka moto m'malo omwe pang'ono kapena kupitilira mphamvu yakupopera kwa zida za dipatimenti yozimitsa moto ayenera kukhala ndi makina odziyimira pawokha odziyimira pawokha oyimitsa moto kapena mayunitsi angapo kuti madera onse athe kukhalabe ndi ntchito yonse pomwe pampu iliyonse itulutsidwa. Njira ina ndikupereka njira zothandizira zoperekera zofunikira zonse zoteteza moto zovomerezeka kwa AHJ. Njira yachiwiriyi imalola kukambirana ndi AHJ kuti apereke ntchito zopopera zozimitsa moto. Dongosolo lokonzekera bwino la mphamvu yokoka yamadzi okwera akhoza kukhala chisankho kuti akwaniritse izi. Kumbukirani, pakhoza kukhala ma AHJ angapo a polojekiti inayake.
Chitoliro choyamwa chomwe chimapereka mpope wozimitsa moto chiyenera kutsukidwa mokwanira kuti zitsimikizire kuti miyala, silt ndi zinyalala zina sizidzalowa mu mpope kapena njira yozimitsa moto ndikuwononga. Mtundu wam'mbuyomu wa muyezowo unaphatikizapo matebulo awiri ofotokoza kuthamanga kwa mapampu osasunthika komanso mapampu abwino osamuka. Kwa kope la 2013, matebulowa aphatikizidwa, amagwiritsira ntchito mapaipi onse oyamwa, ndipo amachokera ku kukula kwadzina kwa chitoliro choyamwa. Kuthamanga kwa mapaipi ang'onoang'ono ang'onoang'ono asinthidwanso kuti awonetse kuthamanga kwa madzi pafupifupi mamita 15 pa sekondi iliyonse.
Ngati kuthamanga kwakukulu komwe kumayendetsedwa sikungatheke, muyezowo udzalola kuti kuthamanga kwa mpweya kupitirire 100% ya kayendedwe ka pampu yamoto yolumikizidwa, kapena kufunikira kwakukulu kwa dongosolo lozimitsa moto, kaya ndi lalikulu liti. Chilankhulo chatsopanochi chimasonyeza kuti kutsika kothamanga kumeneku kumapanga chiyeso chovomerezeka, pokhapokha ngati kutuluka kwake kumaposa mapangidwe a dongosolo lotetezera moto.
Kuonjezera apo, chinenero chophatikizira chinawonjezeredwa kuti chisonyeze kuti ngati madzi omwe alipo akulephera kukwaniritsa mlingo woperekedwa muyeso, gwero lowonjezera, monga pompu yochokera ku dipatimenti yamoto, lingafunike. Muyezowu tsopano uphatikizanso chilankhulo chosonyeza kuti njira zothamangitsira zimayenera kuchitidwa, kuchitiridwa umboni ndi kusaina musanalumikizidwe ndi mpope wamoto.
Nthawi yotumiza: Sep-16-2021
